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Lucas Cranach

1472-1553 German Lucas Cranach Locations Lucas Cranach the Elder was born at Kronach, Franconia. He was apparently trained by his father, Hans, a painter, and from 1495 to 1498 undertook work at Kronach for Coburg and Gotha. There is evidence that Cranach resided in Vienna between about 1500 and 1504. In 1504 he married Barbara Brengbier of Gotha; they had three daughters and two sons, Hans (died 1537) and Lucas the Younger (1515-1586), both of whom were painters. In 1505 Cranach established residence at Wittenberg, where he was court painter to three successive electors: Frederick the Wise, John the Constant, and John Frederick the Magnanimous. Cranach was a prosperous and respected citizen. He owned several houses and land, held the office of councilor, and was a burgomaster. He also worked for other princely patrons and was a follower and lifelong friend of Martin Luther. In 1550 Cranach followed John Frederick the Magnanimous to Augsburg, where the elector was in exile, and in 1552 accompanied him to Weimar. Cranach died in Weimar on Oct. 16, 1553.

Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Painting ID:: 659

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1530 Art History Museum, Vienna
1530 Art History Museum, Vienna

Francesco Solimena

1657-1747 Italian Francesco Solimena Gallery Francesco Solimena was born in Canale di Serino, near Avellino. He received early training from his father, Angelo Solimena, with whom he executed a Paradise for the cathedral of Nocera (place where he spend a big part of his life) and a Vision of St. Cyril of Alexandria for the church of San Domenico at Solofra. He settled in Naples in 1674, there he worked in the studio of Francesco di Maria and later Giacomo del Po[1]. He apparently had taken the clerical orders, but was patronized early on, and encouraged to become an artist by Cardinal Vincenzo Orsini (later Pope Benedict XIII)[2]. By the 1680s, he had independent fresco commissions, and his active studio came to dominate Neapolitan painting from the 1690s through the first four decades of the 18th century. He modeled his art??for he was a highly conventional painter??after the Roman Baroque masters, Luca Giordano and Giovanni Lanfranco, and Mattia Preti, whose technique of warm brownish shadowing Solimena emulated. Solimena painted many frescoes in Naples, altarpieces, celebrations of weddings and courtly occasions, mythological subjects, characteristically chosen for their theatrical drama, and portraits. His settings are suggested with a few details??steps, archways, balustrades, columns??concentrating attention on figures and their draperies, caught in pools and shafts of light. Art historians take pleasure in identifying the models he imitated or adapted in his compositions. His numerous preparatory drawings often mix media, combining pen-and-ink, chalk and watercolor washes. Francesco Solimena 'A study for the fresco cycle in the Sacristy of San Paolo Maggiore in Naples', Whitfield Fine Art.A typical example of the elaborately constructed allegorical "machines" of his early mature style, fully employing his mastery of chiaroscuro, is the Allegory of Rule (1690) from the Stroganoff collection, which has come to the State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. He apparently hoped to see his son Orazio follow a career in the law, for which he received a doctorate (de Domenici), but also became a painter. His large, efficiently structured atelier became a virtual academy, at the heart of cultural life in Naples. Among his many pupils were Francesco de Mura (1696-1784) , Giuseppe Bonito (1707-89), Pietro Capelli, Gaspare Traversi, and most notably Corrado Giaquinto and Sebastiano Conca. The Scottish portraitist Allan Ramsay spent three years in Solimena's studio. Solimena amassed a fortune, was made a baron and lived in sumptuous style founded on his success. Francesco Solimena died at Barra, near Naples, in 1747.

Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Painting ID:: 3800

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Art History Museum, Vienna
Art History Museum, Vienna

Palma Vecchio

1480-1528 Italian Palma Vecchio Gallery His birthdate is calculated on Vasari testimony (1550) that he died aged 48. By March 1510 he was in Venice, where he spent his working life. The stylistic evidence of his earliest works suggests that he was apprenticed to fellow Bergamasque artist Andrea Previtali, who had studied under Giovanni Bellini. A signed Virgin Reading (1508-10; Berlin, Gemeldegal.), which may be Palma Vecchio earliest surviving painting, is strongly reminiscent of his teacher. Previtali returned to Bergamo in 1511, and the main corpus of Palma work can be dated from this time. Palma Vecchio oeuvre reflects the change from an early to a high Renaissance conception of the human figure in secular and religious art. He specialized in certain themes that became established in the repertory of genres of the Venetian school in the generation after him. The principal of these were the wide-format SACRA CONVERSAZIONE

Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Painting ID:: 28972

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mk65 Panel 35 7/16x27 15/16in Uffizi
mk65 Panel 35 7/16x27 15/16in Uffizi

Cristofano Allori

Italian Baroque Era Painter, 1577-1621 was an Italian portrait painter of the late Florentine Mannerist school. Allori was born at Florence and received his first lessons in painting from his father, Alessandro Allori, but becoming dissatisfied with the hard anatomical drawing and cold coloring of the latter, he entered the studio of Gregorio Pagani (1558-1605) who was one of the leaders of the late Florentine school, which sought to unite the rich coloring of the Venetians with the Florentine attention to drawing. Allori also appears to have worked under Cigoli. His pictures are distinguished by their close adherence to nature and the delicacy and technical perfection of their execution. His technical skill is shown by the fact that several copies he made of Correggio's works were thought to be duplicates by Correggio himself. His extreme fastidiousness limited the number of his works. Several specimens are to be seen at Florence and elsewhere. The finest of his works is his Judith with the Head of Holofernes. It exists in two copies in the Pitti Palace in Florence and in the Queen's Gallery in London.

Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Painting ID:: 29956

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mk67 Oil on canvas 54 3/4x45 11/16in Pitti,Palatine Gallery
mk67 Oil on canvas 54 3/4x45 11/16in Pitti,Palatine Gallery

Peter Paul Rubens

Flemish Baroque Era Painter, 1577-1640 Peter Paul Rubens (June 28, 1577 ?C May 30, 1640) was a prolific seventeenth-century Flemish Baroque painter, and a proponent of an exuberant Baroque style that emphasized movement, color, and sensuality. He is well-known for his Counter-Reformation altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and history paintings of mythological and allegorical subjects. In addition to running a large studio in Antwerp which produced paintings popular with nobility and art collectors throughout Europe, Rubens was a classically-educated humanist scholar, art collector, and diplomat who was knighted by both Philip IV, king of Spain, and Charles I, king of England. Rubens was a prolific artist. His commissioned works were mostly religious subjects, "history" paintings, which included mythological subjects, and hunt scenes. He painted portraits, especially of friends, and self-portraits, and in later life painted several landscapes. Rubens designed tapestries and prints, as well as his own house. He also oversaw the ephemeral decorations of the Joyous Entry into Antwerp by the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand in 1635. His drawings are mostly extremely forceful but not detailed; he also made great use of oil sketches as preparatory studies. He was one of the last major artists to make consistent use of wooden panels as a support medium, even for very large works, but he used canvas as well, especially when the work needed to be sent a long distance. For altarpieces he sometimes painted on slate to reduce reflection problems. His fondness of painting full-figured women gave rise to the terms 'Rubensian' or 'Rubenesque' for plus-sized women. The term 'Rubensiaans' is also commonly used in Dutch to denote such women.

Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Painting ID:: 30015

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mk67 Oil on canvas 44 1/2x35in Uffizi,Gallery
mk67 Oil on canvas 44 1/2x35in Uffizi,Gallery

ALLORI Cristofano

Italian Baroque Era Painter, 1577-1621 Allori was born at Florence and received his first lessons in painting from his father, Alessandro Allori, but becoming dissatisfied with the hard anatomical drawing and cold coloring of the latter, he entered the studio of Gregorio Pagani (1558-1605) who was one of the leaders of the late Florentine school, which sought to unite the rich coloring of the Venetians with the Florentine attention to drawing. Allori also appears to have worked under Cigoli. His pictures are distinguished by their close adherence to nature and the delicacy and technical perfection of their execution. His technical skill is shown by the fact that several copies he made of Correggio's works were thought to be duplicates by Correggio himself. His extreme fastidiousness limited the number of his works. Several specimens are to be seen at Florence and elsewhere. The finest of his works is his Judith with the Head of Holofernes. It exists in two copies in the Pitti Palace in Florence and in the Queen's Gallery in London. The model for the Judith was his mistress, the beautiful Mazzafirra, who is also represented in his Magdalene; and the head of Holofernes is generally supposed to represent himself.

Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Painting ID:: 33577

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mk86 1613 Oil on canvas 139x116cm Florence,Galleria Pitti
mk86 1613 Oil on canvas 139x116cm Florence,Galleria Pitti

Cristofano Allori

Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Painting ID:: 40412

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mk156 c.1613 Oil on canvas 120.4x100.3cm
mk156 c.1613 Oil on canvas 120.4x100.3cm

Cristofano Allori

Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Painting ID:: 55726

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mk244 1613 Oil on canvas 139x116cm
mk244 1613 Oil on canvas 139x116cm

Cristofano Allori

Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Painting ID:: 58191

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Judith with the Head of Holofernes (1613) Oil on canvas, 139 x 116 cm. Galleria Palatina (Palazzo Pitti), Florence.
Judith with the Head of Holofernes (1613) Oil on canvas, 139 x 116 cm. Galleria Palatina (Palazzo Pitti), Florence.

Fede Galizia

(1578 - 1630) was an Italian Renaissance painter, a pioneer of the still life genre. Fede Gallizi, better known as Galizia, was born in Milan in 1578. Her father, Nunzio Galizia, also a painter of miniatures, had moved to Milan from Trento. Fede (whose name means "faith") learned to paint from him. By the age of twelve, she was sufficiently accomplished as an artist to be mentioned by Gian Paolo Lomazzo, a painter and art theorist friend of her father, who wrote, "This girl dedicates herself to imitate our most extraordinary art." At a young age, Fede was already an established portrait painter handling many commissioned works. Perhaps it was her father's influence as a miniaturist that led to Fede's attention to detail in her portraits. Her treatment of jewels and clothing made her a very desirable portrait painter. She was often commissioned to paint religious and secular themes as well. Several of her paintings based on the deuterocanonical story of Judith and Holofernes, a popular theme in art of the period, survive in private collections. Perhaps her earliest was Judith and Her Handmaiden painted in 1596 which is now in Sarasota Florida at the Ringling Museum of Art. She also created miniatures and altarpieces for convents.

Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Painting ID:: 58922

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Judith with the Head of Holofernes (1596). The figure of Judith is believed to be a self-portrait.
Judith with the Head of Holofernes (1596). The figure of Judith is believed to be a self-portrait.

GIuseppe Cesari Called Cavaliere arpino

Rome 1568-1640

Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Painting ID:: 62382

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61,3 x 48 cm Berkeley Art Museum, University of California Cavaliere d'Arpino's (Giulio Cesari's) Judith with the Head of Holofernes symbolically alludes to the violent decapitation of the Assyrian general without showing the gruesome moment that both Caravaggio and Artemisia Gentileschi chose to depict. Instead a beautiful, almost demure, Judith raises Holofernes' head by his locks as her maidservant Abra looks on in puzzled reverence. Cavaliere d'Arpino's Judith is the embodiment of female virtue and moral perfection, an ideal heroine who has redeemed her people. Yet, at the same time, she seems capable of exercising her seductive powers directly upon the viewer, as if the beholder were Holofernes. She is in possession of two dangerous weapons, her sword and her sexual allure. In 1602-03 Cavaliere d'Arpino had frescoed a series of Old Testament heroines in the Villa Aldobrandini at Frascati. There he depicted Judith as a full-length figure striding across the plain in front of the enemy encampment while Abra follows behind stuffing Holofernes' head into a sack. Topologically the figures are very similar, but in the easel painting Cavaliere d'Arpino condensed the composition so that the picture essentially becomes an idealised 'portrait' of Judith. In this sense it is very close to his Diana (Pinacoteca Capitolina, Rome), in which the huntress is also reduced to a half-length idealised figure. In both these 'portraits' there is an emphasis on the decorative effects of colour and design. The brilliant reds, blues and whites of Judith's costume serve as a foil for the carefully delineated jewels and golden sword hilt. Baglione emphasised that Cavaliere d'Arpino was capable of working in two different styles, one of which was far more superficial than the other. It is likely that the more
61,3 x 48 cm Berkeley Art Museum, University of California Cavaliere d'Arpino's (Giulio Cesari's) Judith with the Head of Holofernes symbolically alludes to the violent decapitation of the Assyrian general without showing the gruesome moment that both Caravaggio and Artemisia Gentileschi chose to depict. Instead a beautiful, almost demure, Judith raises Holofernes' head by his locks as her maidservant Abra looks on in puzzled reverence. Cavaliere d'Arpino's Judith is the embodiment of female virtue and moral perfection, an ideal heroine who has redeemed her people. Yet, at the same time, she seems capable of exercising her seductive powers directly upon the viewer, as if the beholder were Holofernes. She is in possession of two dangerous weapons, her sword and her sexual allure. In 1602-03 Cavaliere d'Arpino had frescoed a series of Old Testament heroines in the Villa Aldobrandini at Frascati. There he depicted Judith as a full-length figure striding across the plain in front of the enemy encampment while Abra follows behind stuffing Holofernes' head into a sack. Topologically the figures are very similar, but in the easel painting Cavaliere d'Arpino condensed the composition so that the picture essentially becomes an idealised 'portrait' of Judith. In this sense it is very close to his Diana (Pinacoteca Capitolina, Rome), in which the huntress is also reduced to a half-length idealised figure. In both these 'portraits' there is an emphasis on the decorative effects of colour and design. The brilliant reds, blues and whites of Judith's costume serve as a foil for the carefully delineated jewels and golden sword hilt. Baglione emphasised that Cavaliere d'Arpino was capable of working in two different styles, one of which was far more superficial than the other. It is likely that the more

STANZIONE, Massimo

Italian Baroque Era Painter, 1585-1656 Italian painter. Primarily a painter of altarpieces and frescoes, his large production and vast following of students and imitators made him perhaps the leading Neapolitan painter in the first half of the 17th century. He was known as the great rival of Jusepe de Ribera, and for most of the 1630s and 1640s he and Ribera dominated painting in Naples. Stanzione's rich colour and idealized naturalism, for which he was called 'il Guido Reni napoletano', definitively influenced numerous local artists and remained discernible in the earliest works (1670s) of Francesco Solimena. Only a few portraits and mythological paintings by Stanzione are known,

Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Painting ID:: 70748

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Medium Oil on canvas Dimensions 199.4 x 146.1 cm
Medium Oil on canvas Dimensions 199.4 x 146.1 cm

Lucas Cranach

Kronach 1472-Weimar 1553 German painter and engraver. The son of a painter, he settled in Wittenberg c.1504 and was court painter successively under three electors of Saxony. There he maintained a flourishing workshop and was twice burgomaster. Cranach was a close friend of Martin Luther, whose doctrine he upheld in numerous paintings and woodcuts, and he has been called the painter of the Reformation. He was a rapid and prolific painter, and the work turned out by his studio is uneven in quality. Naïve and fanciful, often awkward in draftsmanship, it has, nonetheless, freshness and originality and a warm, rich palette. His portraits are particularly successful. Among his best-known works are Repose in Egypt (Gemäldgalerie, Staatliche Mus., Berlin-Dahlem); Judgment of Paris (Staatliche Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe); Adam and Eve (Courtauld Inst., London); and Crucifixion (Weimar). The latter contains figures of Luther and Cranach. His many famous protraits include those of Elector John Frederick and Self-Portrait (Uffizi). Cranach was also an accomplished miniaturist. He produced a few copperplates and designs for woodcuts. His son and pupil Lucas Cranach, the Younger,

Judith with the head of Holofernes
Judith with the head of Holofernes
Painting ID:: 74821

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um 1530 87 x 56 cm cjr
um 1530 87 x 56 cm cjr

Titian

Italian High Renaissance Painter, ca.1485-1576 Italian painter active in Venice. As a young man he was taught by the Bellini family and worked closely with Giorgione. His early works are so similar in style to Giorgione's as to be indistinguishable, but soon after Giorgione's early death Titian established himself as the leading painter of the Republic of Venice. Among his most important religious paintings is the revolutionary and monumental Assumption (1516 ?C 18) for Santa Maria dei Frari, in which the Virgin ascends to heaven in a blaze of colour accompanied by a semicircle of angels. Titian was also interested in mythological themes, and his many depictions of Venus display his work's sheer beauty and inherent eroticism. Bacchus and Ariadne (1520 ?C 23), with its pagan abandon, is one of the greatest works of Renaissance art. Titian was sought after for his psychologically penetrating portraits, which include portrayals of leading Italian aristocrats, religious figures, and Emperor Charles V. He reached the height of his powers in The Rape of Europa (c. 1559 ?C 62), one of several paintings done for Philip II of Spain. He was recognized as supremely gifted in his lifetime, and his reputation has never declined.

Judith with the head of Holofernes
Judith with the head of Holofernes
Painting ID:: 76019

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Date c. 1570 Medium Oil on canvas Dimensions 112 ?? 93 cm cyf
Date c. 1570 Medium Oil on canvas Dimensions 112 ?? 93 cm cyf

Lucas Cranach

Judith with the head of Holofernes
Judith with the head of Holofernes
Painting ID:: 76284

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Date Deutsch: um 1530 Medium Deutsch: Öl auf Lindenholz Dimensions Deutsch: 87 x 56 cm cyf
Date Deutsch: um 1530 Medium Deutsch: Öl auf Lindenholz Dimensions Deutsch: 87 x 56 cm cyf

Cristofano Allori

Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Painting ID:: 78816

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ca. 1620(1620) Medium Oil on canvas cyf
ca. 1620(1620) Medium Oil on canvas cyf

Cristofano Allori

Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Painting ID:: 79476

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1620(1620) Medium Oil on canvas Dimensions Width: 116 cm (45.7 in). Height: 139 cm (54.7 in). cyf
1620(1620) Medium Oil on canvas Dimensions Width: 116 cm (45.7 in). Height: 139 cm (54.7 in). cyf

Andrea Mantegna

Italian 1431-1506 Andrea Mantegna Locations Mantegna was born in Isola di Carturo, close to Padua in the Republic of Venice, second son of a carpenter, Biagio. At the age of eleven he became the apprentice of Francesco Squarcione, Paduan painter. Squarcione, whose original vocation was tailoring, appears to have had a remarkable enthusiasm for ancient art, and a faculty for acting. Like his famous compatriot Petrarca, Squarcione was something of a fanatic for ancient Rome: he travelled in Italy, and perhaps Greece, amassing antique statues, reliefs, vases, etc., forming a collection of such works, then making drawings from them himself, and throwing open his stores for others to study. All the while, he continued undertaking works on commission for which his pupils no less than himself were made available. San Zeno Altarpiece, (left panel), 1457-60; San Zeno, VeronaAs many as 137 painters and pictorial students passed through Squarcine's school, which had been established towards 1440 and which became famous all over Italy. Padua was attractive for artists coming not only from Veneto but also from Tuscany, such as Paolo Uccello, Filippo Lippi and Donatello. Mantegna's early career was shaped indeed by impressions of Florentine works. At the time, Mantegna was said to be a favorite pupil; Squarcione taught him the Latin language, and instructed him to study fragments of Roman sculpture. The master also preferred forced perspective, the lingering results of which may account for some Mantegna's later innovations. However, at the age of seventeen, Mantegna separated himself from Squarcione. He later claimed that Squarcione had profited from his work without paying the rights. His first work, now lost, was an altarpiece for the church of Santa Sofia in 1448. The same year Mantegna was called, together with Nicol?? Pizolo, to work with a large group of painters entrusted with the decoration of the Ovetari Chapel in the apse of the church of Eremitani. It is probable, however, that before this time some of the pupils of Squarcione, including Mantegna, had already begun the series of frescoes in the chapel of S. Cristoforo, in the church of Sant'Agostino degli Eremitani, today considered his masterpiece. After a series of coincidences, Mantegna finished most of the work alone, though Ansuino, who collaborated with Mantegna in the Ovetari Chapel, brought his style in the Forl?? school of painting. The now censorious Squarcione carped about the earlier works of this series, illustrating the life of St James; he said the figures were like men of stone, and had better have been colored stone-color at once. This series was almost entirely lost in the 1944 Allied bombings of Padua. The most dramatic work of the fresco cycle was the work set in the worm's-eye view perspective, St. James Led to His Execution. (For an example of Mantegna's use of a lowered view point, see the image at right of Saints Peter and Paul; though much less dramatic in its perspective that the St. James picture, the San Zeno altarpiece was done shortly after the St. James cycle was finished, and uses many of the same techniques, including the classicizing architectural structure.) San Luca Altarpiece, 1453; Tempera on panel; Pinacoteca di Brera, MilanThe sketch of the St. Stephen fresco survived and is the earliest known preliminary sketch which still exists to compare to the corresponding fresco. Despite the authentic look of the monument, it is not a copy of any known Roman structure. Mantegna also adopted the wet drapery patterns of the Romans, who derived the form from the Greek invention, for the clothing of his figures, although the tense figures and interactions are derived from Donatello. The drawing shows proof that nude figures were used in the conception of works during the Early Renaissance. In the preliminary sketch, the perspective is less developed and closer to a more average viewpoint however. Among the other early Mantegna frescoes are the two saints over the entrance porch of the church of Sant'Antonio in Padua, 1452, and an altarpiece of St. Luke and other saints (at left) for the church of S. Giustina, now in the Brera Gallery in Milan (1453). As the young artist progressed in his work, he came under the influence of Jacopo Bellini, father of the celebrated painters Giovanni and Gentile, and of a daughter Nicolosia. In 1453 Jacopo consented to a marriage between Nicolosia to Mantegna in marriage.

Judith with the head of Holofernes
Judith with the head of Holofernes
Painting ID:: 91533

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1495(1495) Medium oil on panel cyf
1495(1495) Medium oil on panel cyf

Nicolaes van Helt Stockade

(1614-1669), was a Dutch Golden Age painterAccording to Houbraken, Joost van den Vondel made a poem about him. According to the RKD he became a master in the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke in 1646 and worked on the city hall of Nijmegen and the Amsterdam City Hall.

Judith with the head of Holofernes
Judith with the head of Holofernes
Painting ID:: 96640

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oil on canvas Dimensions 115 X 125 cm cyf
oil on canvas Dimensions 115 X 125 cm cyf

Nicolaes van Helt Stockade
(1614-1669), was a Dutch Golden Age painterAccording to Houbraken, Joost van den Vondel made a poem about him. According to the RKD he became a master in the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke in 1646 and worked on the city hall of Nijmegen and the Amsterdam City Hall.
Judith with the head of Holofernes
oil on canvas Dimensions 115 X 125 cm cyf

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